Active and Passive Voice
In most cases and with most styles of writing, the active voice is preferred to the passive voice. The active voice is stronger than the passive, and it therefore produces more powerful sentences.
If the subject of the sentence is the person or thing doing the acting, then the verb is in active voice.
Examples: |
My boss made the decision yesterday.
Doug coordinated the meeting in Paul’s absence.
We proposed the change last week.
The computer just crashed. |
If the subject of the sentence is the person or thing receiving the action, then the verb is in passive voice. The passive voice is created by writing a form of the verb to be with the past participle form of a verb. Such forms often include a by phrase after the verb phrase to indicate who performed the action. In addition to being less direct, the passive voice is also generally wordier than the active voice.
Examples: |
The decision was made by my boss yesterday.
The meeting was coordinated by Doug in Paul’s absence.
The change was proposed (by us) last week. |
Using the Passive Voice
There are times when the passive voice is preferred, however. For example, the passive voice is necessary when the person who acted is unknown.
Examples: |
The package was sent to me last week. (We do not know who sent the package.)
The company was founded in 1992.
Many acts of service were performed without our knowledge. |
The passive voice is also a good choice when the doer of the action is unimportant.
Examples: |
The roads were cleared early this morning.
The mess was cleaned up before we arrived.
In the business world, important decisions are made every day.
The tickets were sold out last month. |
Moreover, the passive voice is appropriate when you want the emphasis of the sentence to be on the action, rather than on the person who performed the action. To shift the emphasis to the person acting, we use a prepositional phrase beginning with by.
Examples: |
The message was delivered by John this afternoon.
The decision was made by the directors to sell the building.
Property in this town has been bought and sold by various investors over the years.
Several years ago the company was sold to our competitors by a man from the East.
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And finally, the passive voice is useful when you want the doer of the action to remain anonymous.
Examples: |
Last night the announcement was made that 300 employees would be laid off.
Three million dollars was donated to the foundation on Tuesday.
The cookies and other treats were delivered to the children while they were playing outside. |
Also see the article entitled “Conciseness.”
Revising Passive Sentences
When changing a passive construction to the active voice, make sure that you keep the same verb tense.
Original: |
Every day donuts are bought by our human resources representative. |
Not: |
Every day our human resource representative bought donuts. |
But: |
Every day our human resource representative buys donuts. |
Original: |
That movie was produced by Jonathan Doe, I believe. |
Not: |
Jonathan Doe had produced that movie, I believe. |
But: |
Jonathan Doe produced that movie, I believe. |
Original: |
The decision has already been made by the managers. |
Not: |
The managers had already made the decision. |
But: |
The managers have already made the decision. |
Again, when deciding whether to use the active or passive voice, think about the purpose of the sentence and the audience for whom it is intended. Then determine which part of the sentence is more important—the action itself or the person or thing doing the acting—and write accordingly.
